Research articles

The Wolverine Stack refers to the combination of two peptides studied in preclinical research: BPC-157, a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric

The GLOW Stack is a three-peptide research combination consisting of GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex), BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157),

The KLOW Stack is a four-peptide combination containing GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, and KPV in a reported 5:1:1:1 ratio. It extends the three-peptide GLOW Stack by

Tirzepatide is a first-in-class dual agonist that simultaneously activates both glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (

Semaglutide controls appetite through dual gut-brain axis pathways: peripheral GLP-1 receptors on vagal afferent neurons transmit satiety signals to the brainst

Lyophilized BPC-157 is highly stable when stored at -20°C, maintaining integrity for years. Once reconstituted in bacteriostatic water (BAC water), BPC-157 shou

Ipamorelin selectively activates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) to stimulate pituitary growth hormone release without the off-target

MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome's 12S rRNA gene, representing a novel class of 'mitokines', signaling molecules derived

BPC-157 triggers new blood vessel formation mainly at the receptor end of the VEGF axis: in ischemic rat hind-limb muscle and human endothelial cells it raised

FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide that selectively kills senescent cells by disrupting the protective FOXO4-p53 interaction. In senescent cells, FOXO4 bind

GHK-Cu binds copper(II) in a stable 1:1 complex (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper) and thereby modulates expression of over 4,000 genes, about 32% of the huma

Semax enhances cognitive function primarily through upregulation of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and activation of TrkB receptor signaling in the br

TB-500 moves repair cells toward injury by sequestering G-actin, maintaining the monomer pool that drives cell motility. One caution before the mechanism: the n

In published cell-culture work from Khavinson's group, Epithalon induced telomerase (hTERT) activity and measurable telomere elongation in human fetal fibroblas

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a once-weekly injectable peptide that simultaneously activates three metabolic hormone receptors: GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 rec

Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid peptide corresponding to the N-terminal fragment of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-44). It binds the GHR

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acid thymic peptide (derived by proteolytic cleavage of prothymosin alpha) that functions as a broad immunomodulatory signa

CJC-1295 (GRF[1-29]-C8 with Drug Affinity Complex) extends the 7–10 minute plasma half-life of native GHRH 1-29 to 6–8 days by incorporating a maleimido-propion

PT-141 (bremelanotide; Vyleesi®) is a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist that activates MC1R, MC3R, and MC4R receptors in the central nervous sys

IGF-1 LR3 (Long-R3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1) is a synthetic 83-amino acid analog of human IGF-1 modified at two positions: an Arg substitution at position 3

LL-37 is the sole human member of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) family, produced by proteolytic cleavage of the 18 kDa precursor hCAP18 (encoded

Kisspeptin is a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides (kisspeptin-54, -14, -13, -10) encoded by the KISS1 gene and processed from a 145-amino acid precursor. All

Dihexa is a peptidomimetic that enhances cognitive function by allosterically potentiating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binding to the c-Met receptor, promoti

FOXO4-DRI demonstrated selective senolytic activity in the landmark Baar et al. 2017 Cell study, with subsequent independent confirmations in human chondrocytes

There is no human FOXO4-DRI dose, because the peptide has never been tested in people. The animal literature is unusually consistent, though: nearly every publi

As of July 2026, no human trial of FOXO4-DRI has ever been registered or published. ClinicalTrials.gov, the registry where any legitimate trial must appear befo

In the published mouse studies, FOXO4-DRI caused no reported side effects: treated animals kept their weight, blood counts, and organ markers while senescent ce

Liraglutide is a 31-amino acid GLP-1 analog sharing 97% sequence identity with human GLP-1, modified by a Lys³⁴Arg substitution and a C16 palmitoyl chain attach

Melanotan II is a synthetic lactam-bridged cyclic heptapeptide analog of α-MSH(4-10) that non-selectively activates melanocortin receptors. MC1R activation on m

Tesamorelin is a synthetic 44-amino acid analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, stabilized by a trans-3-hexenoyl group attached to Tyr¹ that confers

Cerebrolysin is an enzymatically prepared mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids derived from porcine brain, pharmacologically standardiz