Pepinformation

Research articles

Longer reads on how specific peptides work, how stable they are, and what the evidence does and does not show.

  1. Mechanism of Action of Tirzepatide: A Technical Deep Dive into Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonism Pathway

    Tirzepatide is a first-in-class dual agonist that simultaneously activates both glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (

  2. Semaglutide and the Gut-Brain Axis: How GLP-1 Signaling Controls Appetite and Satiety Pathway

    Semaglutide controls appetite through dual gut-brain axis pathways: peripheral GLP-1 receptors on vagal afferent neurons transmit satiety signals to the brainst

  3. Ipamorelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Signaling: GHS-R1a Pathway Deep Dive Pathway

    Ipamorelin selectively activates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) to stimulate pituitary growth hormone release without the off-target

  4. MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide That Mimics Exercise Pathway

    MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome's 12S rRNA gene, representing a novel class of 'mitokines', signaling molecules derived

  5. How BPC-157 Triggers New Blood Vessels (VEGF) Pathway

    BPC-157 triggers new blood vessel formation mainly at the receptor end of the VEGF axis: in ischemic rat hind-limb muscle and human endothelial cells it raised

  6. FOXO4-DRI: Senolytic Peptide Mechanism and the p53-FOXO4 Axis Pathway

    FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide that selectively kills senescent cells by disrupting the protective FOXO4-p53 interaction. In senescent cells, FOXO4 bind

  7. How GHK-Cu Binds Copper and Changes Gene Expression Pathway

    GHK-Cu binds copper(II) in a stable 1:1 complex (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper) and thereby modulates expression of over 4,000 genes, about 32% of the huma

  8. Semax and BDNF: Neurotrophin Signaling and Cognitive Enhancement Mechanisms Pathway

    Semax enhances cognitive function primarily through upregulation of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and activation of TrkB receptor signaling in the br

  9. Sermorelin Pharmacology: GHRH Receptor Binding, Pituitary Signaling, and Physiological Growth Hormone Restoration Pathway

    Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid peptide corresponding to the N-terminal fragment of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-44). It binds the GHR