Pepinformation

Research articles

Longer reads on how specific peptides work, how stable they are, and what the evidence does and does not show.

  1. How TB-500 Moves Repair Cells: Actin and Migration Mechanism

    TB-500 moves repair cells toward injury by sequestering G-actin, maintaining the monomer pool that drives cell motility. One caution before the mechanism: the n

  2. Does Epithalon Activate Telomerase? Mechanism

    In published cell-culture work from Khavinson's group, Epithalon induced telomerase (hTERT) activity and measurable telomere elongation in human fetal fibroblas

  3. Retatrutide: Mechanistic Basis of Triple GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon Receptor Agonism and Metabolic Outcomes Mechanism

    Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a once-weekly injectable peptide that simultaneously activates three metabolic hormone receptors: GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 rec

  4. Thymosin Alpha-1: Thymic Immunomodulatory Peptide and T-Cell–Mediated Immune Enhancement Mechanism

    Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acid thymic peptide (derived by proteolytic cleavage of prothymosin alpha) that functions as a broad immunomodulatory signa

  5. How CJC-1295 DAC Extends Half-Life to 6–8 Days Mechanism

    CJC-1295 (GRF[1-29]-C8 with Drug Affinity Complex) extends the 7–10 minute plasma half-life of native GHRH 1-29 to 6–8 days by incorporating a maleimido-propion

  6. IGF-1 LR3: Long-R3 Modification, IGFBP Resistance, and Anabolic Signaling Cascade Mechanism

    IGF-1 LR3 (Long-R3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1) is a synthetic 83-amino acid analog of human IGF-1 modified at two positions: an Arg substitution at position 3

  7. LL-37 Cathelicidin: Innate Immunity, Amphipathic Helix Antimicrobial Mechanism, and Vitamin D-Regulated Immunomodulation Mechanism

    LL-37 is the sole human member of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) family, produced by proteolytic cleavage of the 18 kDa precursor hCAP18 (encoded

  8. Dihexa and the HGF/c-Met Synaptogenesis Pathway: Mechanism, Evidence, and Limitations Mechanism

    Dihexa is a peptidomimetic that enhances cognitive function by allosterically potentiating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binding to the c-Met receptor, promoti

  9. Liraglutide Pharmacology: GLP-1 Receptor Binding, C16 Palmitate Albumin Anchoring, and the Pharmacokinetic Basis of Once-Daily Incretin Therapy Mechanism

    Liraglutide is a 31-amino acid GLP-1 analog sharing 97% sequence identity with human GLP-1, modified by a Lys³⁴Arg substitution and a C16 palmitoyl chain attach

  10. Melanotan II Pharmacology: A Non-Selective Cyclic Melanocortin Agonist at MC1R, MC3R, and MC4R Mechanism

    Melanotan II is a synthetic lactam-bridged cyclic heptapeptide analog of α-MSH(4-10) that non-selectively activates melanocortin receptors. MC1R activation on m

  11. Tesamorelin Pharmacology: A Stabilized GHRH(1-44) Analog for Endogenous GH Axis Stimulation and Visceral Adipose Reduction Mechanism

    Tesamorelin is a synthetic 44-amino acid analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, stabilized by a trans-3-hexenoyl group attached to Tyr¹ that confers

  12. Cerebrolysin Pharmacology: A Porcine Brain-Derived Peptide Mixture with Neurotrophic-Like Activity Mechanism

    Cerebrolysin is an enzymatically prepared mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids derived from porcine brain, pharmacologically standardiz